They are: 2.8.1 Hyperbole Hyperbole is a large exaggeration. In this case, hyperbole, metaphor, simile, litotes, personification and irony will be discussed. 2.8 Kinds of Figurative Language There are many kinds of figurative language. And the pragmatic purpose of using figurative language is to appeal the sense or interest, to clarify, to please, to delight and to surprise. The referential purpose of using figurative language is to describe mental process or state, a concept, a person, an object, a quality or an action more comprehensively and concisely. There are two purposes of using figurative language namely pragmatic purpose and referential purpose. Figurative language uses figures of speech, a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words. Beckson & Ganz (1975:80) says, “Figurative language is language which makes use of certain devices called figure of speech.” Most of which are techniques for comparing dissimilar objects, to achieve effects beyond the range of literal language. The writer or speaker uses particular symbols to express the ideas. When a writer or speaker uses literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. 2.7 Figurative Language Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. And the term ‘figurative language’ will be used in this thesis. Seed (1997:16) says, “Non literal language is traditionally called figurative language which is described including by irony (facetious way of speaking), hyperbole (exaggerated way of speaking), metaphor, simile, personification and litotes. 19570626 198303 2 001 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN 2013 There are so many terms of non literal meaning, such as figure of speech, figurative expression and figurative language.

110721015 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013 AN ANALYSIS OF NON-LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL” BY JOHN STEINBECK A THESIS BY RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG REG. AN ANALYSIS OF NON-LITERAL MEANING IN “THE PEARL” BY JOHN STEINBECK A THESIS BY RUTH SURANTA SIPAYUNG REG.

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